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  1. Title: Mappe-monde historique, ou carte chronologique, geographique et généalogique des États et Empires du Monde; rédigée par le Sr. Barbeau de la Bruyère.

    Contributors:

    Summary: Chart shows the states and empires in regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America from 2000 B.C to 1700 A.D. Includes "Idee et Usage de cette Carte" explaining design and interpretation of the chart. Gravé par Desbruslins. 1 chart hand col. 49 x 123 cm.

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  2. Title: Chart prepared by James B. Moore to accompany his memorial to Congress respecting the subject of steam communication with China, Japan & c, 1850.

    Contributors:

    Summary: Inset: Harbour of San Francisco, California. Tables of distances. Shows distances between major ports of the world. 1 map; 71 x 96 cm.

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  3. Title: County map of Utah and Nevada.; County map of Arizona and New Mexico

    Contributors:

    Summary: Relief shown by hachures. Prime meridian: Washington and Greenwich. Decorative borders. Plates 91 and 92. Possibly from Mitchell's New General Atlas, Containing Maps Of The Various Countries Of The World, Plans Of Cities, Etc. Utah & Nevada map: includes inscription "Drawn and Engraved by W.H. Gamble, Philadelphia." On verso: "County map of Arizona and New Mexico". At bottom left: "Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1876 by S. Augustus Mitchell in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington." Shows boundary lines, mountain ranges, trails and routes, rivers, lakes, military outposts, and locations of Native American tribes. 2 maps on 1 sheet: col.; both 26 x 34 cm.

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  4. Title: Zurich, Switzerland, 1845 (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map (aerial view) entitled: Malerischer plan der Stadt Zurich und ihrer Umgebungen, herausgegeben von H.F. Lenthold in Zurich ; dessine par F. Schmid ; grave par Appert de Paris. It was published by Verlag von Arnold Bopp & Co. in 1922. Scale [ca. 1:4,800]. Covers Zurich, Switzerland, 1845. Map in German and French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Swiss Grid (CH1903 LV03) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortification, ground cover, and more. Includes index. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

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  5. Title: Venice, Italy, 1876 (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nuova pianta di Venezia = Neuer plan von Venedig, lit. Corradini. It was published by H. F. Munster in 1876. Scale [ca. 1:8,900]. In Italian and German. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950 UTM Zone 33N coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, canals, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, parks, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes indexes, notes, and inset: Lagune Venete = Venedigs Lagunen von dem Dammen des Sile bis zur Mundung der Etsch. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

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  6. Title: Venice, Italy, 1850 (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nuova pianta di Venezia = Neuer Plan von Venedig, lit. Corradini. It was published by H.F. Munster in [1850]. Scale [ca. 1:8,900]. Map in Italian and German. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950 UTM Zone 33N coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, canals, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, parks, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes indexes, notes, and inset: Lagune Venete = Venedigs Lagunen von dem Dammen des Sile bis zur Mundung der Etsch. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

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  7. Title: Berlin, Germany, 1841 (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan von Berlin, Zeichnung u. Stich v. H. Mahlmann. It was published by F.H. Morin in 1841. Scale 1:81,300. This image includes the original map pamphlet cover with German coat-of-arms The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 4 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings, parks, and more. Relief shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

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  8. Title: United States, 1839 (Image 1 of 5) (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chapin's ornamental map of the United States : with plans of the world, British Possessions, West Indies, & Colombia geographical part engraved by J. B. Taylor & H.F. Wheeler. It was published by W. Chapin & J.B. Taylor in 1839. Scale [ca. 1:158,000,000]. This layer is image 1 of 5 total images of the 6 sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North American Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, administrative and territorial boundaries, fortification, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also insets, portrait engravings (with text), and border scenes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

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  9. Title: United States, 1839 (Image 2 of 5) (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chapin's ornamental map of the United States : with plans of the world, British Possessions, West Indies, & Colombia geographical part engraved by J. B. Taylor & H.F. Wheeler. It was published by W. Chapin & J.B. Taylor in 1839. Scale [ca. 1:158,000,000]. This layer is image 2 of 5 total images of the 6 sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North American Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, administrative and territorial boundaries, fortification, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also insets, portrait engravings (with text), and border scenes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

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  10. Title: United States, 1839 (Image 4 of 5) (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chapin's ornamental map of the United States : with plans of the world, British Possessions, West Indies, & Colombia geographical part engraved by J. B. Taylor & H.F. Wheeler. It was published by W. Chapin & J.B. Taylor in 1839. Scale [ca. 1:158,000,000]. This layer is image 4 of 5 total images of the 6 sheet source map, representing the south-central portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North American Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, administrative and territorial boundaries, fortification, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also insets, portrait engravings (with text), and border scenes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

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  11. Title: United States, 1839 (Image 5 of 5) (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chapin's ornamental map of the United States : with plans of the world, British Possessions, West Indies, & Colombia geographical part engraved by J. B. Taylor & H.F. Wheeler. It was published by W. Chapin & J.B. Taylor in 1839. Scale [ca. 1:158,000,000]. This layer is image 5 of 5 total images of the 6 sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North American Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, administrative and territorial boundaries, fortification, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also insets, portrait engravings (with text), and border scenes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

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  12. Title: United States, 1839 (Image 3 of 5) (Raster Image)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chapin's ornamental map of the United States : with plans of the world, British Possessions, West Indies, & Colombia geographical part engraved by J. B. Taylor & H.F. Wheeler. It was published by W. Chapin & J.B. Taylor in 1839. Scale [ca. 1:158,000,000]. This layer is image 3 of 5 total images of the 6 sheet source map, representing the north-central portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North American Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, administrative and territorial boundaries, fortification, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also insets, portrait engravings (with text), and border scenes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

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  13. Title: World Shoreline Boundary between Lake and Land, 2014 (Low-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the boundary between lakes and land at low resolution. Low represents an 80 percent reduction in size and quality from the intermediate resolution layer. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). World Shoreline Boundary between Lake and Land, 2014 (Low-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/gk979fy6658. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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  14. Title: World Shoreline Boundary between Island Ponds and Islands, 2014 (Intermediate-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the boundary between island ponds and islands at intermediate resolution. Intermediate represents an 80 percent reduction in size and quality from the high resolution layer. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). World Shoreline Boundary between Island Ponds and Islands, 2014 (Intermediate-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/pq713kh7725. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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  15. Title: Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Grounding Line and the Ocean, 2014 (Intermediate-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the shoreline boundary between the Antarctic grounding line and the Antarctic Ocean at intermediate resolution. Intermediate represents an 80 percent reduction in size and quality from the high resolution layer. Grounding lines are the point at which tidewater glaciers start to float in the ocean. The location of the grounding line is important, becasue mass loss from Antarctica is strongly linked to changes in ice shelves and their grounding lines. Changes in grounding lines can result in very rapid changes in glacier and ice shelf behavior. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Grounding Line and the Ocean, 2014 (Intermediate-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/bm420mn3992. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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  16. Title: World Shoreline Boundary between Island Ponds and Islands, 2014 (High-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the boundary between island ponds and islands at high resolution. High represents an 80 percent reduction in size and quality from the full resolution layer. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). World Shoreline Boundary between Island Ponds and Islands, 2014 (High-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/wv983tm1584. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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  17. Title: World Shoreline Boundary between Island Ponds and Islands, 2014 (Full-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the boundary between island ponds and islands at low resolution. GSHHG data are made available at 5 resolutions, with full being the original and highest possible resolution. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). World Shoreline Boundary between Island Ponds and Islands, 2014 (Full-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/bg023wx0903. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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  18. Title: Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Ice and the Ocean, 2014 (Low-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the shoreline boundary between the Antarctic ice and the Antarctic Ocean at low resolution. Low represents an 80 percent reduction in size and quality from the intermediate resolution layer. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Ice and the Ocean, 2014 (Low-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/tp343qs9260. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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  19. Title: Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Ice and the Ocean, 2014 (High-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the shoreline boundary between the Antarctic ice and the Antarctic Ocean at high resolution. High represents an 80 percent reduction in size and quality from the full resolution layer. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Ice and the Ocean, 2014 (High-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/mg062vx0809. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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  20. Title: Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Grounding Line and the Ocean, 2014 (Crude-resolution)

    Contributors:

    Summary: This polygon shapefile represents the shoreline boundary between the Antarctic grounding line and the Antarctic Ocean at crude resolution. Crude represents an 80 percent reduction in size and quality from the low resolution layer. Grounding lines are the point at which tidewater glaciers start to float in the ocean. The location of the grounding line is important, becasue mass loss from Antarctica is strongly linked to changes in ice shelves and their grounding lines. Changes in grounding lines can result in very rapid changes in glacier and ice shelf behavior. The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) Database is a high-resolution geography data set amalgamated from three data bases in the public domain. This layer is part of GSHHG Version 2.3.3. The World Vector Shorelines (WVS) is the basis for shorelines except for Antarctica while the CIA World Data Bank (WDBII) is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides all political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. Atlas of the Cryosphere (AC) provides the basis for Antarctica coastlines. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons. These shoreline polygon data can be used to simplify data searches and data selections and to study the statistical characteristics of shorelines and land-masses. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (2014). Shoreline Boundary between Antarctic Grounding Line and the Ocean, 2014 (Crude-resolution). (v. 2.3.3). United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Available at http://purl.stanford.edu/ng107gz6909. GSHHG used to be called GSHHS (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shorelines) but since rivers and political boundaries were also included we changed it to GSHHG starting with version 2.2.1. The addition of AC since 2.3.0 allows two choices for Antarctica coastlines: Ice-front or Grounding line. These are encoded as levels 5 and 6, respectively.

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